![]() ![]() Unlike the June 12 mother document, that of Aug. To correct these pro-American flaws in the June 12 declaration, and to present a more democratic list of signatories than the largely unelected military officers at Kawit, Mabini drafted a document of ratification, signed by 190 elected municipal presidents who had gathered in Bacoor, the revolutionary capital, on Aug. Mabini became Aguinaldo’s main adviser on June 12, but was seen as an interloper by those who had long been in Aguinaldo’s circle and confidence like Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, who wrote into the declaration that Philippine independence was “under the protection of the Mighty and Humane North American Nation” (these words underlined in the original document).Įlsewhere in the declaration he composed, Rianzares Bautista explained the symbols on the National Flag, stating that the “colors blue, red, and white commemorate those of the flag of the United States of North America, in profound gratitude towards that great Nation for the disinterested protection she is extending to us and will continue to extend to us.” If he had his way, Filipinos would keep the desire for independence secret from their American allies, gathering as much arms and ammunition as they could in the meantime to resist the United States or other nations with ships on Manila Bay-Germany, Britain, France, and Japan-that could steal hard-won Philippine independence after the defeat of Spain. Members of the Congress present on August 2 affixed their signatures to this parchment copy on that day and others later. It was accordingly put on parchment, probably by Timothy Matlack of Philadelphia. Following his publication in 1774 of a tract titled A Summary View of the Rights of the British Americans. Mabini arrived too late to advise Aguinaldo against a declaration that he deemed reckless and premature. On July 19 the Congress ordered the document to be engrossed as The Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen United States of America. It was Thomas Jefferson who wrote the document now popularly known as the Declaration of Independence. ![]() He arrived in Kawit on time to witness the declaration on June 12, having patiently endured a long and uncomfortable trip from Laguna, carried in a hammock by a relay of men who dropped him on the ground without gentleness or warning when they grew weary. 1 as our rightful Independence Day.Īpolinario Mabini is the key to this puzzle. Unfortunately, some enthusiastic people have misunderstood Calairo’s study as a repudiation of June 12, and now propose Aug. 1, 1898, when independence was declared again in clear and definite terms. Emmanuel Calairo, recently appointed to the National Historical Commission, explores the issue in a historiographical essay on the events in Bacoor on Aug. ![]()
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